Laos is the only landlocked country in Southeast Asia, meaning it doesn’t have direct access to the sea and is surrounded by five neighboring countries. Since opening up to tourism, the term landlocked has often been replaced with land-linked due to Laos’ improved connectivity with its neighbors and within its three main regions. This is especially true since the completion of the Lao-China railway in 2022, which allows travelers to take a train from the capital city, Vientiane, all the way to Kunming in China.
The three main regions of Laos are:
According to the main regions, the population of Laos is divided into three main groups. “Lao Loum (ລາວລຸ່ມ),” which translates to “Lowland Lao,” refers to the population of river valleys and lowland areas on the mighty Mekong River. Lao Loum people can be found on both sides of the Mekong in Laos and Thailand.
“Lao Thueng,” also known as “Upland Lao,” is the term used for the ethnic groups living in the central highlands, often subsistence farmers, who make up around 20% of the population. They include various groups like the Khmu and Tai.
“Lao Soong” (Mountain Lao or Hill Tribes) represent roughly 10–20% of the population. These groups live in remote mountainous areas and include the Hmong, Yao, and Akha, as well as other indigenous communities with distinct languages, customs, and agricultural practices.
For a country with a relatively small population, there is a huge ethnic diversity in Laos. Laos has 49 officially recognized ethnic groups, which have different languages, customs & traditions.
The biggest portion of the country is Northern Laos.The region is predominantly mountainous, with the Himaphan & Annamite mountain ranges dominating the landscape. It is known for its rugged terrain, deep valleys and forests. Therefore the northern region of Laos is popular among tourists because of many available outdoor activities & attractions, such as trekking & hiking, pristine waterfalls, experiencing local village life & hill tribes, viewpoints, adventure & wildlife tourism. Northern Laos covers about 63,000 square kilometers, roughly one-third of the country’s total area. It is bordered by China to the north, Vietnam to the east and Thailand to the west.
The estimated population in the north area around 2.5 – 3.0 million people with a large number of different ethnic groups inhabiting the area, such as Hmong, Khmu, Tai Lue, Akha, Yao (Mien).
Because of it’s landscape & diversity, most of the touristic sites are located in the northern lao region.
Vang Vieng: While technically in central Laos, it’s proximity to the northern region, the limestone mountains and rivers make it a popular destination for outdoor activities like kayaking, tubing, and trekking.
Luang Prabang: A UNESCO World Heritage Site & former capital of the kingdom – famous for it’s beautiful temples, colonial architecture & vibrant night markets. It is also a center for Buddhist culture and education. Luang Prabang is one of the most popular tourist choices because of many activities for travelers.
Nong Khiaw: A picturesque village on the banks of the Nam Ou River, famous for its dramatic karst mountains and outdoor activities like trekking, kayaking, and rock climbing. Just around 3 hours north of Luang Prabang by minivan.
Muang Sing: A small town near the Chinese border known for its hilltribe cultures and trekking opportunities, including visits to remote villages.
Phongsali: Known for its remote and untouched landscapes, this area offers a mix of ethnic cultures, stunning mountain scenery, and opportunities for trekking.
Xieng Khouang: With it’s provincial capital Phonsavan Home to the Plain of Jars, a mysterious archaeological site with large stone jars scattered across the landscape.
Luang Namtha is a popular eco-tourism destination known for its stunning nature, trekking opportunities and diverse ethnic villages like the Akha, Hmong & Tai Lue.
Bokeo Nature Reserve: A wildlife reserve where you can find the black-cheeked gibbon, and also home to the famous Gibbon Experience.
All Provinces in Northern Laos: Luang Prabang, Oudomxay, Bokeo, Phongsali, Xieng Khouang, Houaphanh, Sainyabuli, Luang Namtha
The central region of Laos is like the other regions nothing short of cultural diversity, historical facts & natural attractions. Central Laos is characterized by a combination of lowlands, plains and also has some mountainous areas. The Mekong River runs through the central part of Laos, where it also builds the border to Thailand. Roundabout 2 million people from different ethnic groups call Central Laos their home with the majority of “Lao Loum”.
Technically the capital Vientiane could be counted as lower part of northern Laos, but is in fact part of the central area, divided in Vientiane Capital Prefecture and Vientiane Province. The biggest city is also the capital, named “Vientiane” (Vieng-Chan) with a population of 740.000 Laotians by 2025. Vientiane capital is the political, cultural and economic center of the country. Compared to other capital cities in southeast Asia like Bangkok, Jakarta or Kuala Lumpur – Vientiane is quite relaxed and with a much lower density of population.
Even though northern Laos receives the highest number or tourists every year, central Laos has many things to do. Below are some of the most popular cities of central Laos.
Vientiane: The capital city of Laos – rich in history and culture with landmarks like That Luang Temple, Patuxai Monument, Buddha Park and vibrant markets, making it the heart of Laos.
Thakek: A base for the famous Thakek Loop, which takes visitors on a scenic journey through caves, limestone cliffs and rural landscapes. Thakek is also world famous for rock climbing.
Savannakhet: A historical, sleepy french-style colonial town on the Mekong River, offering a mix of unique architecture, local markets, and cultural sites, including the That Ing Hang Stupa, Savannakhet Dinosaur Museum & Mekong River Night Market.
Central Laos is the ideal stop for people traveling from south to north or vice versa. All Provinces of Central Laos include Vientiane Prefecture, Bolikhamxai, Khammouane, Savannakhet
Southern Laos is known for lush landscapes, serene rivers and ethnic diversity, offering visitors a unique blend of nature, culture and history. While many visitors spend most of their time in the north of the country, also the southern area receives quite a number of tourists every year.
The most popular destination is probably the infamous Bolaven Plateau in Champasak Province. Home to the Bolaven Plateau Loop or also known as Pakse Loop, the Plateau is the country’s number one coffee producing region and also many of the local tropical fruits are grown in the south because of it’s rich & fertile soil. The plateau is the remnant of ancient volcanic activity, and the area is composed of volcanic ash and lava that have broken down over time into fertile soil.
Pakse will be the starting point for every southern Laos adventure. The capital of Champasak Province, where you can see french colonial architecture, local markets and nearby ancient temples like Wat Phu (a UNESCO World Heritage Site).
The Bolaven Plateau is known for its is also a popular area for eco-tourism with scenic spots like Tad Fane Waterfall and Tad Lo Waterfall. For people deciding to do the Motorbike Loop for about 3-5 days, they will experience many more waterfalls on the way, homestays, coffee plantations & friendly locals.
The Four Thousand Islands (Si Phan Done) in the Mekong Delta is a popular tourist destination in southern Laos, located in the Mekong River. This archipelago consists of numerous islands, including Don Khone and Don Det, known for their laid-back atmosphere, swimming, cycling. Unfortunately the Irrawaddy Dolphins are officially extinct on the lao side of the mekong, but can still be seen in Cambodia. After long travels, the 4000 islands are the ideal spot to completely disconnect an unwind for a few days. Laos doesn’t have a sea, but the area around Si Phan Done definitely gives you a laid back island feeling and even has beaches, where you can swim in the Mekong river.
Southern Laos is a great stop for more than just a few days. Many travellers combine it when coming from Cambodia as there is a border crossing or when going to Cambodia. All Provinces of Southern Laos Region include Salavan, Champasak, Xekong, Attapeu.
To complete the region guide, here is a list of all the 17 provinces and 1 prefecture of the Lao PDR:
Laos is a diverse country with each region offering unique landscapes, cultures, and experiences. From the mountainous terrains and ethnic diversity of the north to the historical sites and riverine beauty of the central region, and the tropical paradise of the south with its waterfalls and islands, Laos has something special for every traveler.
A common mistake among travelers is trying to see too much in a short time. Laos is a laid-back country and this is reflected in the local way of life. If you have limited time, it’s better to focus on one region. Two weeks are ideal for exploring northern Laos, while three weeks can cover northern and central regions. For a complete experience across all three regions, consider a four-week itinerary. Also, keep in mind that road conditions can be challenging, and overland travel requires patience.
Take your time and don’t rush – welcome to the Lao PDR!
Discover the story behind Patuxai, Vientiane’s most iconic landmark. Often called the “Arc de Triomphe of Laos,” this monument blends French architecture with Lao symbolism and offers panoramic city views, rich history, and a peaceful park setting. A must-visit when exploring the capital!
Kaeng Nyui Waterfall has finally reopened after some time of construction! Just 7 km from Vang Vieng, this peaceful jungle spot is now officially open to tourists with paved access roads & improved trails. Whether you visit in the roaring wet season or the calm dry months, Kaeng Nyui offers a refreshing escape with waterfalls, swimming holes, and jungle scenery — all just a short ride from town.